In machines and structures, washers are the most common yet most overlooked small parts. Placed between the screw/nut and the mating surface, they spread load, prevent loosening, and protect surfaces from damage. The two most universal types are Flat Washers and Spring Washers: Flat Washer → Distributes the load from the screw or nut, prevents scratching of the mounting surface, and increases contact area. Spring Washer → Elastic design maintains tension and prevents loosenin